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Other groups of white settlers arrived in newly established French, German, Belgian, and British settlements in Africa over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The earliest permanent European communities in Africa during the Age of Discovery were formed at the Cape of Good Hope Luanda, in Angola São Tomé Island and Santiago, Cape Verde through the introduction of Portuguese and Dutch traders or military personnel. The majority once lived along the Mediterranean coast or in Southern Africa.
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Most are of Dutch, Portuguese, British, German and French origin to a lesser extent, there are also those who descended from Italians, Spaniards, Greeks, and Scandinavians. In 1989, there were an estimated 4.6 million white people with European ancestry on the African continent. White Africans of European ancestry refers to people in Africa who can trace full or partial ancestry to Europe.
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